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What is the charging principle of a car battery?

1 Answers

Carrie

07/30/25 12:19am

The charging principle of a car battery is the process of mutual conversion between chemical energy and electrical energy. Below is an introduction to car battery charging: Principle: Chargers generally adopt a four-stage charging method. When the battery level is low, a constant current charging method is used, meaning charging is performed at a constant current. At this stage, the energy consumed by the control circuit is relatively small compared to the charging process. When the voltage reaches a certain value, it switches to a constant voltage charging method. As the battery voltage rises, the charging current gradually decreases until the charging voltage matches the battery voltage. During this process, the proportion of energy consumed by the control circuit gradually increases. During the constant voltage charging process, constant current charging is performed again (the more stages there are, the higher the efficiency, but the more complex the control). When the charging voltage matches the battery voltage, it enters a trickle charging stage. The equilibrium voltage at this stage is generally designed to be the battery's termination charging voltage (1.2 times the battery's rated voltage) plus the voltage drop caused by overcoming the battery's internal resistance under this current (different batteries have different internal resistances). Process: The battery uses lead plates filled with sponge-like lead as the negative electrode, lead plates filled with lead dioxide as the positive electrode, and a 22% to 28% dilute sulfuric acid solution as the electrolyte. During charging, electrical energy is converted into chemical energy, and during discharging, chemical energy is converted back into electrical energy. When the battery discharges, the metallic lead is the negative electrode, undergoing an oxidation reaction and being oxidized into lead sulfate; lead dioxide is the positive electrode, undergoing a reduction reaction and being reduced into lead sulfate. When the battery is charged with direct current, lead and lead dioxide are generated at the two electrodes respectively. After the power source is removed, it returns to its pre-discharge state, forming a chemical battery.

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