What are the causes of road collapse?

[AlyssaLee]

Road collapse causes include natural collapse and human-induced collapse. Below are the specific causes of road collapse: Natural collapse: Surface rocks and soil collapse downward due to natural factors such as seismic vibrations, rainwater infiltration into the ground, gravitational pressure, underground erosion and hollowing out. Examples include loess collapse in the Loess Plateau region, lava collapse in volcanic lava distribution areas, and freeze-thaw collapse in permafrost regions. Human-induced collapse: Ground collapse caused by human activities, such as underground mining operations that create a certain range of goaf areas, causing the overlying rocks and soil to lose support and leading to ground collapse; other causes include tunnel drainage or sudden water inflow during construction, excessive groundwater extraction, and reservoir water storage or diversion.