Why are new energy vehicles divided into high and low voltage systems?
3 Answers
New energy vehicles are divided into high and low voltage systems for the following reasons: The low-voltage system is used for functions such as audio, while the high-voltage battery powers the electric motor for driving. The low-voltage battery is employed to control the computer and electrical components. Overview of New Energy Vehicles: New energy vehicles refer to automobiles that utilize unconventional vehicle fuels as power sources (or use conventional vehicle fuels with new types of onboard power devices), integrating advanced technologies in vehicle power control and driving systems. They represent vehicles with advanced technical principles, incorporating new technologies and innovative structures. Classification of New Energy Vehicles: New energy vehicles include pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen engine vehicles, etc. A pure electric vehicle is one that uses a single battery as the energy storage power source.
The distinction between high and low voltage in new energy vehicles is quite interesting. The high voltage system typically operates at 300-400 volts or even higher, mainly powering high-power equipment like electric motors. Just imagine - electric motors often require tens of kilowatts; using low voltage would result in extremely high current, causing severe wire heating and energy waste. The low voltage system maintains the traditional 12V standard, powering small devices like lights and dashboards. This separate design offers significant safety advantages - the electrical components we normally interact with inside the car are all low voltage, reducing electrocution risks, while the high voltage system only operates within the drivetrain (requiring special caution during maintenance). Additionally, it allows continued use of traditional automotive low voltage components, saving considerable costs. In case of high voltage system failure, the low voltage system can still maintain control over critical functions like brake lights, ensuring basic safety.
As an experienced driver who has driven several electric vehicles, I believe the separation into high and low voltage systems is primarily for safety and practicality. The high voltage system can reach 400-500 volts, and if the entire system used high voltage, accidentally touching the wiring would be extremely dangerous. Nowadays, components like cigarette lighters and central control screens in cars use low voltage, making daily operations much safer. Moreover, high voltage systems are more efficient; when the motor requires high power, higher voltage means lower current, allowing for thinner wires and some energy savings. The low voltage system continues to use the traditional 12V, with components that are cheap and readily available, unlike the more delicate high voltage parts. A converter links the two systems, transforming high voltage battery power into low voltage for smaller devices. If the high voltage system fails, the low voltage system can still keep critical equipment running, which is a very user-friendly design.
