What kind of batteries does Tesla use?
2 Answers
Tesla's current models are all equipped with NCA batteries, while most domestically produced electric vehicles use NCM ternary lithium batteries. NCA and NCM are merely abbreviations for the elements contained in the cathode materials of ternary lithium batteries, with N, C, A, and M representing nickel, cobalt, aluminum, and manganese, respectively. Here is some extended information about NCA batteries: The common ratio of nickel, cobalt, and aluminum in NCA is 8:1.5:0.5, with aluminum content being very minimal. Therefore, it can be understood as being close to a binary material. Replacing manganese with aluminum involves modifying lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide through ion doping and surface coating. Ion doping can enhance the material's stability and improve its cycling performance. However, during the manufacturing process, because aluminum is an amphoteric metal and difficult to precipitate, the production of NCA materials presents certain technical challenges.
Tesla primarily uses lithium-ion batteries, specifically divided into several types. During my research on electric vehicles, I found that the early Model S and X employed 18650 cylindrical cells, which are small battery units supplied by Panasonic with modest capacity but compact structure. Later, the Model 3 and Y upgraded to 2170 batteries, significantly improving energy density and extending range to over 500 kilometers, while also supporting ultra-fast charging—for instance, I can charge half the battery in just 20 minutes using a Supercharger on the road. Tesla's battery pack design is crucial, including a thermal management system to prevent overheating, and overall weight control also impacts handling. These batteries typically last 8 to 10 years with no major issues in daily use, though winter range loss is notable, so it's advisable to avoid letting the battery freeze when parked. The newly introduced 4680 batteries, like those in the Cybertruck, are more advanced, offering faster charging and lower costs, with future plans to develop in-house batteries to reduce supplier reliance. Battery choice greatly affects performance, and I reckon it's essential to consider the battery version when selecting an electric vehicle.
