What is the working principle of four-wheel drive?
4 Answers
The following is the working principle of four-wheel drive: 1. Four-wheel drive, also known as all-wheel drive, means that both the front and rear wheels of the car have power. The engine output torque can be distributed in different proportions to all front and rear wheels according to the state of the driving surface to improve the driving ability of the car. 2. The SH-AWD (Super Handling All-Wheel Drive) system is Acura's unique four-wheel drive system. This epoch-making four-wheel drive system not only automatically distributes torque between the front and rear wheels but also achieves a breakthrough by freely distributing torque between the left and right rear wheels, allowing all four wheels to be allocated the optimal torque as needed.
Anyone who has driven an SUV knows that the most immediate benefit of four-wheel drive is the enhanced tire grip. When the system detects front wheel slippage, power is automatically redirected to the rear wheels, effectively engaging all four wheels to work together. It feels particularly stable when navigating through waterlogged urban roads during rain—just as the front wheels start to lose traction, the rear wheels instantly compensate. High-speed lane changes also feel more controlled, and steep climbs with a full load no longer trigger the tire-spinning and smoke issues common with two-wheel drive. However, for regular paved roads, it’s advisable to use two-wheel drive mode, as the rotating four-wheel drive driveline increases fuel consumption by about 10%. The system relies on a central differential to distribute power, with independent sensors on both axles, allowing the computer to adjust torque distribution hundreds of times per second.
The core of the four-wheel drive system lies in the differential assembly and electronically controlled torque distribution. Engine power first reaches the transfer case, then is delivered to the front and rear axles via the driveshaft. The center differential in full-time 4WD allows speed differences between axles, while part-time 4WD uses mechanical locking. Modern intelligent 4WD systems are more advanced: wheel speed sensors monitor real-time rotational differences, the ABS pump actively brakes slipping wheels, and electronically controlled multi-plate clutches can transfer 90% torque to wheels with traction in 0.1 seconds. For example, when cornering increases load on outer wheels, the system automatically allocates more torque to them. Off-road vehicles feature low-range 4WD that multiplies torque by 2.5x or more, working with three differential locks to enable independent power distribution to each wheel.
As a mother of two, I chose a four-wheel drive for peace of mind during rainy and snowy days. Last time when picking up the kids from school on an icy road, the front wheels slipped slightly, but I could clearly feel the rear wheels pushing the car forward. The salesperson explained that this is called torque vectoring control, where power is transferred to the rear wheels when the front wheels spin. The new urban SUVs are particularly smart, saving fuel by using front-wheel drive normally, automatically switching to four-wheel drive when it rains, and quietly reverting to two-wheel drive after passing through puddles. My husband specifically tested starting on sandy ground where other cars got stuck, but our car easily escaped with all four wheels evenly distributing power.
