What is the working principle of a car steering system?
3 Answers
The main working principle of a car steering system is to transmit signals from the steering wheel. Here are the detailed insights: 1. When the car is turning, the torque (steering) sensor 'feels' the torque of the steering wheel and the intended direction of rotation. These signals are sent to the electronic control unit via a data bus. The electronic control unit then issues action commands to the motor controller based on the transmitted torque, intended direction, and other data signals. The motor then outputs the corresponding amount of rotational torque as needed, thereby generating power steering. 2. For mechanical hydraulic systems, regular checks should ensure that the power steering fluid in the reservoir is not lacking, and avoid holding the steering wheel at full lock for too long. Pay attention to whether the steering feels heavy or if there is any noise. If such symptoms occur, be sure to check issues like the V-belt of the oil pump and internal pressure. 3. For electro-hydraulic systems, also regularly monitor the level of power steering fluid. When the warning light comes on, be sure to conduct an inspection. 4. For electric power steering systems, if there are issues with heavy steering or difficulty in turning, always use instruments to measure and diagnose the problem.
When the driver turns the steering wheel, I can feel the entire steering system quietly at work. Simply put, the steering wheel connects to the steering column, transmitting force downward to the steering gear—usually a rack-and-pinion or recirculating-ball mechanism—which converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear push-pull action, driving the tie rods to turn the front wheels left or right. Most cars today come with power-assist systems, such as hydraulic or electric power steering. Electric power steering uses a motor to assist, making the steering feel much lighter. Especially at low speeds, the assistance is stronger, making parking and turning effortless; at high speeds, the assistance decreases, keeping the steering wheel stable and preventing it from feeling loose. This design makes driving both easier and safer, and it can automatically adjust based on road conditions. I find it particularly user-friendly during long drives.
From a safety perspective, the working principle of the steering system, I particularly focus on how it ensures driving without losing control. During steering, the input from the steering wheel is amplified through the steering column and steering gear, driving the tie rods to change the wheel angle. Power-assisted systems, such as electric ones, sense vehicle speed and torque to adjust the assistance force—increasing resistance at high speeds to prevent drifting and reducing it at low speeds for easier handling. If there is stiffness or abnormal noise, it may indicate loose tie rods or a faulty power assist unit, necessitating checks on fluids or worn components. The entire linkage ensures the driver can precisely respond to sudden road conditions, reducing accident risks, making regular maintenance crucial.
