What is the structure of a car differential?

[CarsonFitz]

The structure of a car differential consists of: differential case, side gears, two planetary gears, and a gear carrier. The differential allows the left and right drive wheels to rotate at different speeds. Working principle of a car differential: The power transmitted from the driveshaft is transferred to the ring gear through the pinion gear. The ring gear drives the planetary gear shaft to rotate together, while also driving the side gears to turn, thereby propelling the drive wheels forward. When the vehicle is moving straight, the resistance on both left and right wheels is equal. The planetary gears rotate on their own, transmitting power to both half-shafts, at which point the left and right wheels rotate at the same speed (equivalent to a rigid connection). When the vehicle turns, the resistance on the left and right wheels differs. The planetary gears rotate around the half-shafts while also rotating on their own, thereby absorbing the resistance difference and allowing the wheels to rotate at different speeds, ensuring smooth cornering. The functions of a car differential are: to distribute torque between the two output shafts; to ensure that the two output shafts rotate at different angular speeds; to ensure power transmission to each drive wheel under various motion conditions; and to prevent tire slippage on the ground.

[DiJonathan]

The structure of the differential is actually quite interesting. It is installed in the middle of the drive axle and mainly consists of a housing, input shaft, planetary gears, and left and right side gears. The input shaft connects to the drivetrain, the planetary gears are fixed inside the housing, and the side gears are connected to the left and right wheels respectively. When turning, the inner wheel rotates slower while the outer wheel rotates faster, all thanks to the differential automatically adjusting the speed difference. Without this design, the tires would slip during turns, making the car prone to losing control. I've also seen some vehicles equipped with locking differentials for off-road use—when locked, the wheels rotate synchronously to enhance traction, though this makes for an uncomfortable ride under normal conditions. The structure is simple yet ingenious, often made of steel or aluminum alloy, and requires regular oil lubrication. Otherwise, gear wear can lead to abnormal noises or transmission failure. Those with some mechanical knowledge understand that maintaining differential oil can extend its lifespan and reduce repair costs.

[LaJaxson]

When it comes to the car differential, it's hidden on the rear or front axle like a black box, containing a set of gears inside. The main components include the input shaft sleeve, the planetary gear carrier, and the side gears connected to the wheels. During turns, the inner wheel slows down while the outer wheel speeds up, and the differential allows them to rotate freely, preventing skidding caused by rigid conflicts. I've noticed that smoother turns while driving are all thanks to it, especially in rainy or snowy conditions where it helps prevent skidding. Though simple in structure, it's crucial. If it wears out or lacks sufficient lubrication, the gears can seize, causing abnormal vibrations in the car, so timely inspection is a must. In daily driving, the differential saves fuel and enhances safety. It's recommended to change the differential oil every two years to prevent malfunctions. Understanding these points makes driving more reassuring—don’t underestimate this small yet vital design.

[Lane]

The differential structure is not overly complex: a metal housing, an input shaft driving the planetary gear set, and two side gears connected to the wheels respectively. During turns, the gears slide freely to adjust the speed difference. Common issues include gear wear or lack of lubrication, which can cause abnormal noises or vehicle deviation. I've seen many vehicles damaged due to oil leaks or sand ingress, necessitating timely differential oil changes for maintenance. Simple upkeep can extend its lifespan and avoid major repair costs. Though robust in construction, it's not maintenance-free—owners should regularly check oil levels and select the appropriate oil grade to ensure smooth operation.