What is the difference between twin-turbo and single-turbo?
2 Answers
The differences between single-turbo and twin-turbo are as follows: A single turbocharger struggles to achieve optimal performance. A small turbo responds quickly but has poor boost effects, while a large turbo provides good boost but suffers from noticeable turbo lag. Twin-turbo systems generally come in two forms: two small turbos in parallel, such as in BMW engines, where each turbo is responsible for boosting half of the cylinders, or a combination of one large and one small turbo in series, where the small turbo provides quick response at low speeds and the large turbo delivers significant boost at high speeds. There is also another type of forced induction system, which pairs a supercharger with a turbocharger. A typical example is the TSI engine used abroad (domestic versions only have a single turbo). The supercharger responds quickly but cannot achieve high rotational speeds, resulting in less effective boost compared to a turbocharger, which responds more slowly but performs better at high speeds. In summary, using a twin-turbo system combines the benefits of both small and large single turbos: it offers the quick low-speed response of a small turbo to minimize turbo lag while also providing sufficient high-speed boost like a large turbo, maximizing the turbo's effectiveness. Turbocharging technology uses a turbine to drive a compressor, allowing the engine to intake more air per unit of time. This enables more fuel to be injected into the cylinders for combustion, resulting in stronger power output. The most common type we encounter in daily life is single-turbocharging, which is affordable but suffers from "turbo lag." Especially when driving at low speeds, the exhaust gas may not be sufficient to drive the turbine and compressor, making the vehicle feel sluggish. However, some higher-end models may feature a single-turbo twin-scroll system, which is similar to a regular turbocharger but includes an additional exhaust channel to reduce turbo lag. Twin-turbo systems exist to compensate for the drawbacks of single-turbo lag. They use two independent turbochargers. The engine speed at which turbocharging engages depends on many factors, but the most significant influence is the inertia of the turbine wheel. A small-inertia turbine wheel lowers the engagement speed, meaning the turbo can be driven even at low vehicle speeds. At high speeds, the large-inertia turbo engages to ensure strong power output. This coordination between small and large-inertia turbos allows the engine to deliver superior performance. Besides twin-turbos with different inertia levels, there are also hybrid systems combining a supercharger and a turbocharger.
I've previously researched turbocharging technology and found that the biggest difference between twin-turbo and single-turbo lies in the exhaust gas distribution method. In a single-turbo engine, exhaust gases from all cylinders push the same turbine. At low RPMs, the exhaust flow rate is slow, and you have to wait until the RPM increases to noticeably feel the power. Twin-turbo engines, on the other hand, typically feature two smaller, more responsive turbines working in parallel. Some four-cylinder engines assign two cylinders to drive each small turbine. A classic example is BMW's inline-six 3.0T, where you can feel significant acceleration push at around 1,600 RPM - it basically responds immediately to throttle input. To eliminate lag in single-turbo systems, manufacturers usually need to incorporate electric turbos or variable geometry technology, but this makes the structure more complex than twin-turbo setups. Additionally, there's a notable difference in maintenance costs - replacing one turbo in a twin-turbo system costs about half as much as replacing a single turbo.
