What Does Level 4 Autonomous Driving Mean?
4 Answers
Level 4 autonomous driving refers to high-level autonomous driving that can achieve the entire driving process without any driver intervention, but it also has certain limitations, such as restricting the vehicle speed to a certain limit and operating within relatively fixed driving areas. It generally relies on real-time updated road information data to support functions like automatic vehicle pickup/return, automated platooning, and obstacle avoidance in real-world driving scenarios. In the SAE Levels of Driving Automation published by SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers), besides Level 4 autonomous driving, there are five other levels. Level 0 is manual driving, where, according to SAE's definition, the driver fully controls all operations including steering, braking, and acceleration. The vehicle only executes commands, so this level is not considered autonomous driving. Level 1 is driver assistance, where the driver still needs to operate the vehicle, but safety systems like ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) provide assistance. The driver must keep hands on the wheel and eyes on the road. Features such as adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, and automatic braking in luxury brands like Volvo and Mercedes-Benz fall under Level 1 autonomous driving. Level 2 is partial automation, where the vehicle can simultaneously control acceleration/deceleration and steering, meaning adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping systems can work together. Most automakers have already achieved Level 2 autonomous driving technology. Level 3 is conditional automation, where the vehicle can autonomously handle acceleration, deceleration, and steering in specific environments without driver input or monitoring of surroundings. However, the driver must remain attentive and ready to take over if the system encounters unmanageable situations. The Audi A8 is the world's first production car capable of Level 3 autonomous driving on public roads. Level 5 is full automation, requiring no driver intervention under any conditions. It can operate in all weather and geographic conditions, allowing the driver to focus on rest or other tasks. However, legal and technological breakthroughs are still needed before widespread adoption. Autonomous driving demand analysis: The essence of autonomous driving technology is to replace human labor with artificial intelligence in specific scenarios, improving efficiency and reducing labor costs. Its underlying logic is similar to industrial robotics' "machines replacing humans," profoundly impacting industries like transportation, logistics, and commercial services. Thus, labor cost savings directly reflect the economic value of autonomous driving. All vehicles that do not require human operation fall under autonomous driving. Based on scenario openness, speed (divided by 20 km/h), and cargo type, autonomous applications can be categorized into open/closed, high/low-speed, and passenger/cargo dimensions. High-speed open-road autonomous driving is the most challenging and promising, attracting top-tier companies, but commercialization remains distant. In contrast, limited-scenario autonomous applications have lower technical barriers and faster commercialization. Fully manual driving models are rare, with Tesla being one example. The market categorizes driving modes into six levels: L0 (manual), L1 (assisted), L2 (partial automation), L3 (conditional automation), L4 (high automation), and L5 (full automation). Currently, the highest commercially available level is L2, which still requires human oversight for safety.
As a veteran driver with over 20 years of experience, I'm particularly fascinated by Level 4 autonomous driving. Simply put, it means the vehicle can completely drive itself under specific conditions—like on fixed routes or in good weather—while you just sit back and relax as if watching a movie. It's far more advanced than Level 3, which still requires you to be ready to take over at any moment. With Level 4, if any issues arise, the system can safely pull over or reroute, handling everything independently. Currently, tech companies like Waymo are testing Robotaxis in urban areas, making travel more convenient and safe. But remember, it's not as versatile as Level 5, which can drive in any environment, whereas Level 4 operates within mapped geofenced areas. In the long run, this technology can free up drivers' time and improve efficiency, but it's crucial to ensure strong adaptability to road conditions.
I've worked on many new car models, and L4 autonomous driving is essentially a highly automated system. It uses sensors like cameras and radars to collect data, with computer chips processing it in real-time, allowing the car to navigate and operate independently in predefined environments without the driver even needing to touch the steering wheel. The advantage is that it can reduce fatigue-related accidents, but in daily maintenance, you need to regularly check whether those electronic components are damp or aging to avoid malfunctions. Compared to L2, L4 not only assists with steering and acceleration but also takes full responsibility for decision-making, making it ideal for shared services or long-distance transportation—effortless and safe.
With my years of driving experience, L4 autonomous driving means the car can fully take over in certain safe zones. You don't need to watch the road or intervene, just sit back. If the system reaches its limits, it will automatically stop the car. For elderly people, this makes travel more reassuring, eliminating worries about slow reactions or poor eyesight. But it's not a cure-all—it's limited to familiar routes, so don't expect it to handle blizzards recklessly.
