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What are the levels of autonomous driving?

1 Answers
ClaraLee
07/30/25 4:40am
Autonomous driving can be divided into Level 0, Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Autonomous driving refers to a vehicle's ability to perceive its surroundings and make control decisions through various sensors (radar, cameras, LiDAR, etc.) installed on the vehicle body, enabling it to drive "without driver intervention". Definition of Level 0: No automation. The driver must always be in full control of all mechanical and physical functions of the vehicle, with only warning systems available. Definition of Level 1: Driver assistance. The driver operates the vehicle, but certain systems can sometimes intervene, such as Electronic Stability Program (ESP) or Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) to enhance driving safety. Definition of Level 2: Partial automation. The driver remains primarily in control, but the system can automate certain functions to significantly reduce the driver's workload. Examples include Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) combined with automatic following and lane departure warning, as well as Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) which integrates technologies from blind spot detection and collision avoidance systems. Definition of Level 3: Conditional automation. The driver must be ready to take control at any time. During autonomous driving assistance, the driver may be temporarily relieved of certain tasks, such as following traffic. However, when the vehicle detects a situation requiring driver intervention, it will immediately prompt the driver to take over. The driver must be prepared to handle situations beyond the system's capability.
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Does the new BMW 3 Series require a break-in period?

The new BMW 3 Series requires a break-in period. Here is relevant information about the BMW 3 Series: 1. Exterior: In terms of exterior design, the domestically produced new 3 Series largely retains the design style of the overseas version of the new 3 Series. The sharp LED headlights connect with the enlarged glossy black kidney grille, complemented by the front bumper air intakes and three-dimensional lines. The latest Hofmeister kink design on the C-pillar of the new 3 Series Li model removes the "small tail" feature exclusive to the current long-wheelbase version. Dimension-wise, the overall size has increased compared to the current long-wheelbase 3 Series. Compared to the overseas version, the new 3 Series long-wheelbase version has a significant 110mm increase in wheelbase. At the rear, the car features straight and sharp taillight outlines with L-shaped red light strips inside. Additionally, the M Sport package version includes black trim with color separation treatment and ventilation holes on both sides, paired with a small spoiler and a dual-exhaust layout. 2. Interior: For the interior, the new BMW 3 Series long-wheelbase version largely follows the main design of the overseas model. Examples include the new floating LCD screen, the newly designed electronic gear lever, and the M-branded three-spoke multifunction steering wheel. 3. Powertrain: Under the hood, the new BMW 3 Series long-wheelbase version is equipped with the latest B-series 2.0T engine (B48B20B), delivering the same 184 horsepower as the current 320i/Li, though the badge has been changed to 325Li. The transmission remains an 8-speed automatic gearbox. Additionally, improvements in lightweight construction, thermal energy management, and fuel efficiency optimization enhance the car's power output. Moreover, the new model maintains a perfect 50:50 weight distribution.
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Why is the BMW 3 Series not suitable for family use?

The reasons why the BMW 3 Series is not suitable for family use are as follows: 1. Limited space: Family cars often need to carry a lot of items, but the BMW 3 Series has very limited storage space, which basically cannot meet the needs of a family car. The door storage slots are too narrow to even hold a water bottle. Additionally, there is no designated place to put a phone in the front. 2. Loud engine noise: The engine noise of the BMW 3 Series is quite loud. While the BMW 3 Series is relatively affordable within the BMW lineup, its engine noise can be compared to that of a tractor, without exaggeration. 3. Poor interior configuration: BMW is known as a luxury car brand, but the interior configuration and craftsmanship of the BMW 3 Series are much simpler compared to other BMW models, failing to reflect the luxury feel of BMW. Instead, it feels similar to an ordinary car. 4. Average comfort: Comfort is crucial for family cars to ensure a pleasant ride for both the driver and passengers. However, the seats in the BMW 3 Series are not very soft and are somewhat narrow, with a noticeable hump in the middle of the rear seats, resulting in average comfort. Although the front seats are more comfortable than the rear ones, having only the front seats comfortable is not sufficient for a family car.
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What does 'one step on the brake, two shift to neutral, three pull the handbrake' mean?

It should mean stepping on the brake first, then shifting to neutral, and finally pulling the handbrake. Because during the final parking in Subject 2, the vehicle must not exceed 50 cm from the boundary line. If you find that the distance between the vehicle and the boundary line is a bit large when you are about to stop, shifting to neutral first can allow you to adjust the distance by utilizing the vehicle's own inertia. If you pull the handbrake first, the test vehicle will stop immediately, leaving no room for adjustment. More relevant information is as follows:  Note 1: The operation for reverse gear varies for each car model, so the corresponding operation is also different. For some car models, the reverse gear is more intuitive—you just need to push the gear to the right and then pull it back to engage reverse gear. Note 2: For car models like Volkswagen, the reverse gear is more hidden because the reverse gear and first gear share the same position on Volkswagen cars. Therefore, to engage reverse gear on a Volkswagen training car, you must press the entire gear lever down and then shift it to the first gear position.
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Can Run-Flat Tires Be Punctured?

Run-flat tires can be punctured, but they are designed to prevent blowouts. Here is relevant information: 1. Characteristics of run-flat tires: After a blowout, the vehicle can still travel up to approximately 80 kilometers at a maximum speed of 80 km/h, which is sufficient to reach the nearest repair shop for tire replacement. 2. Functionality: Run-flat tires not only allow continued driving after losing pressure but also ensure safety. After a blowout, run-flat tires do not immediately collapse because their sidewalls are particularly thick, providing strong support to prevent the vehicle from rolling over. Additionally, vehicles equipped with run-flat tires do not have a spare tire. They can continue driving after a blowout without needing immediate tire replacement, offering convenience and increasing trunk space.
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What is the ground clearance height of the Audi A6L?

The minimum ground clearance of the Audi A6L is 117 millimeters. The minimum ground clearance of the Audi A6L refers to the distance between the lowest point (excluding the wheels) and the supporting plane, which is used to characterize the vehicle's ability to pass over obstacles such as stones and tree stumps without collision. The higher the ground clearance of the Audi A6L, the better its off-road capability. However, if the ground clearance is too high, the stability at high speeds will decrease. The Audi A6L is a mid-to-large luxury sedan. The length, width, and height dimensions of the Audi A6L are 5038 millimeters, 1886 millimeters, and 1475 millimeters respectively, with a wheelbase of 3024 millimeters. Generally, the ground clearance of sedans ranges between 110 millimeters and 150 millimeters, while SUVs have a ground clearance between 200 millimeters and 250 millimeters. However, the ground clearance of the Audi A6L is not static; it also depends on the load condition. Therefore, changes in ground clearance should be considered based on the load variations of the Audi A6L. When selecting a vehicle, ground clearance can be one of the reference factors. The choice should depend on the vehicle's intended use and the road conditions. For urban areas with well-paved roads, vehicles with lower ground clearance can enhance stability and comfort. If the vehicle is frequently used in remote areas or on poor road conditions, considering off-road performance, a vehicle with higher ground clearance may be preferable to avoid scraping or damaging the chassis.
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