What Are the Differences Between Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries and Ternary Lithium Batteries?
4 Answers
1. Different cathode materials: The cathode of lithium iron phosphate batteries is made of lithium iron phosphate, while the cathode of ternary lithium batteries is made of ternary materials. 2. Different energy densities: The energy density of lithium iron phosphate battery cells is approximately 110Wh/kg, whereas ternary lithium battery cells generally have an energy density of 200Wh/kg. This means that for batteries of the same weight, the energy density of ternary lithium batteries is 1.7 times that of lithium iron phosphate batteries, enabling ternary lithium batteries to provide longer range for new energy vehicles. 3. Different temperature efficiency: Although lithium iron phosphate batteries are resistant to high temperatures, ternary lithium batteries perform better in low temperatures, making them the primary technical route for manufacturing low-temperature lithium batteries. At -20°C, ternary lithium batteries can release 70.14% of their capacity, while lithium iron phosphate batteries can only release 54.94%. 4. Different charging efficiency: Ternary lithium batteries are more efficient. Experimental data shows that there is little difference between the two when charging below 10°C, but the gap widens above 10°C. At 20°C, the constant current ratio of ternary lithium batteries is 52.75%, compared to 10.08% for lithium iron phosphate batteries—the former being five times that of the latter. 5. Different cycle life: Lithium iron phosphate batteries have a longer cycle life than ternary lithium batteries. In comparison, lithium iron phosphate batteries are safer, have a longer lifespan, and are resistant to high temperatures, while ternary lithium batteries are lighter, have higher charging efficiency, and perform better in low temperatures.
When discussing the differences in electric vehicle batteries, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries lean towards being the safer and more stable option. They use iron phosphate material, which is less prone to overheating or catching fire, making them particularly suitable for urban commuting and family cars—providing peace of mind while driving. However, the trade-off is lower energy density, meaning shorter range for the same battery size, typically tens of kilometers less on average. On the other hand, ternary lithium batteries, composed of nickel, cobalt, and manganese, offer higher energy density, enabling longer range per charge and lighter vehicle weight, but they come with slightly higher safety risks, especially under high temperatures. I’ve seen some accident reports where ternary lithium batteries pose greater risks under extreme impact. For daily driving, if fire safety is a priority, LFP is the go-to choice; for long-distance travel, ternary lithium clearly has the edge. Both have pros and cons—battery selection should align with practical needs.
From the perspectives of cost and durability, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are generally more affordable and require less frequent replacement due to their long lifespan, capable of enduring over 3,000 charge-discharge cycles, making them cost-effective and low-maintenance. Their capacity degrades slowly as they age, which is why experienced drivers like me appreciate their minimal upkeep. On the other hand, ternary lithium batteries (NCM/NCA) come with higher costs due to expensive materials and inferior durability compared to LFP batteries, often needing replacement after around 2,000 cycles, leading to greater long-term expenses. The price factor is often overlooked: a vehicle equipped with an LFP battery might cost a few thousand more upfront but saves on maintenance later, whereas ternary lithium batteries may seem cheaper initially but could incur frequent repair costs. Of course, these factors also depend on brand quality and usage habits. Making a rational choice can help save money.
In terms of performance, ternary lithium batteries excel in quick response and high energy efficiency. With high energy density, they enable powerful acceleration and long range—for example, a full charge can cover over 500 kilometers, making them ideal for users who love long-distance travel or high-speed driving. However, charging speed is significantly affected by temperature, slowing down in cold weather. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries offer smoother performance but lower density, resulting in a shorter range, typically around 400 kilometers. Yet, they provide stable charging with minimal variation regardless of extreme temperatures. Practical driving comparison: For short urban commutes, LFP batteries are sufficient; for frequent highway driving, ternary lithium delivers more excitement. From a technical perspective, ternary lithium advances faster but carries higher risks, while LFP batteries maintain consistent reliability. The balance between the two ultimately depends on your driving habits.
