What are the consequences of insufficient coolant in the radiator?

[DeColeman]

The consequences of insufficient coolant in the radiator include: reduced engine air charging efficiency - higher temperatures lead to lower air density, resulting in decreased actual air intake; engine overheating increases underhood temperatures, further reducing air charging capacity; abnormal combustion may occur, increasing the likelihood of engine knocking and power loss; thermal degradation of engine components may occur, and component clearances may be affected. Under normal circumstances, when the engine experiences high temperature due to coolant shortage, the water temperature warning light on the dashboard will illuminate. If the driver notices this situation and takes proper measures (such as stopping immediately and seeking repairs), there generally won't be serious lasting damage. However, continued operation may cause irreversible engine wear. Common consequences include burned cylinder head gaskets, damaged valves and valve seats, and in severe cases, cracks may develop in the engine block or cylinder head.