How is liability determined in a chain-reaction rear-end collision?

[VanJohn]

Methods for determining liability in chain-reaction rear-end collisions: The first vehicle is usually not at fault, while the last vehicle is typically deemed primarily responsible; if the rear-end collision is caused by the first vehicle's traffic violations, such as illegal reversing on the highway or forced lane changes, then the first vehicle may also be held liable. For chain-reaction collisions involving five or more vehicles, the accident can be divided into single incidents and judged as two-vehicle accidents. If there are discrepancies in the statements from multiple parties, compensation is usually determined based on the principle that the rear vehicle compensates for the damage to the front vehicle's rear and its own front. In cases of complex situations, liability is determined based on the actual circumstances of the collision.